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"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
Ichabods chase.jpg
"Ichabod pursued by the Headless Horseman," by F. O. C. Darley, 1849.
Author Washington Irving
Country USA
Language English
Genre(s) short story
Published in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
Publication date 1820
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., written while he was living in Birmingham, England, and first published in 1820. With Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction still read today.
Plot summary
The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane (1858) by John Quidor
The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a sycophantic, lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related". Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom Bones in disguise.
[edit] Inspiration
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was based on a German folktale, set in the Dutch culture of Post-Revolutionary War in New York State. The original folktale was recorded by Karl Musäus. An excerpt of Musäus:
The headless horseman was often seen here. An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow. The horseman made him climb up behind. They rode over bushes, hills, and swamps. When they reached the bridge, the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton. He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder.[1]
The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow. The characters of Ichabod Crane and Katrina Van Tassel may have been based on local residents known to the author. The character of Katrina is thought to have been based upon Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, in which case her name is derived from that of Eleanor's aunt Catriena Ecker Van Tessel.
Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. He may have borrowed the name from the captain and patterned the character in "The Legend" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809.[2]
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" follows a tradition of folk tales and poems involving a supernatural wild chase, including Robert Burns's Tam O' Shanter (1790), and Bürger's Der wilde Jäger, translated as The Wild Huntsman (1796).
[edit] Publication history
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was the longest tale published as part of The Sketch Book,[3] which Irving issued using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon" in 1820.
[edit] Notable American societal and cultural effects
* In 1997 the village of Sleepy Hollow, New York changed its name from North Tarrytown.
* The United States Postal Service issued a "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" postage stamp in October 1974, showing the climactic chase silhouetted against a giant orange moon.
* In 2006, a large statue depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York.
* In Santa Claus, Indiana's amusement park Holiday World, there is a roller coaster named The Legend in its Halloween-themed section with the Headless Horseman on its logo.
* Sleepy Hollow, Illinois was named after the legendary location and many of the street names reflect characters from the tale. In addition, the image of the Headless Horseman can be found on many of the city's landmarks and publications.
* The Ichabod Crane School District, located in Valatie, New York, is named for the main character in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The school's sports teams are called "The Riders" and a silhouette of Ichabod Crane on his horse is often representative of the home team while a silhouette of the Headless Horseman is representative of the opponent. The two silhouettes can be seen decorating the school on the baseball dugouts and on either side of the stage in the auditorium. The wings in the junior high school are also named for characters and places in the short story like Katrina Van Tassel and Sleepy Hollow.
* Kirt Moiser, a composer from Kansas, composed a two part suite set to The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The first movement is entitled "Ichabod's Walk" and the second movement, "Hessian's Ride"
* In the town of East Lyme, Connecticut, there is a Sleepy Hollow Road and an Ichabod Lane.
* A not-for-profit organization Historic Hudson Valley[1] has held since 1996 Legend Weekend at Philipsburg Manor, Sleepy Hollow, New York, featuring a rider portraying the headless Hessian, and a storyteller retelling The Legend of Sleepy Hollow as a historic celebration attended by thousands annually before Halloween.
* There is a town in California called Sleepy Hollow that has a Sleepy Hollow Dr., Ichabod Ct., and Crane Dr. (which is directly across Van Winkle Dr. from Ichabod Ct.)
* An area of Falls Church, Virginia, has several street names inspired by the Legend of Sleepy Hollow (eg. Sleepy Hollow Road, Ichabod Place, Van Winkle Drive, etc.)
Notable film adaptations include:
Will Rogers in The Headless Horseman (1922)
* The Headless Horseman (1922), a silent version directed by Edward Venturini, and starring Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane. It was filmed on location in New York's Hudson River Valley.
* The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), directed by James Algar, Clyde Geronimi and Jack Kinney, produced by Walt Disney Productions and narrated by Bing Crosby. It is an animated cartoon adaptation of the story, paired with a similar treatment of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows. The climactic ride is more extended than in the original story, and the possibility is stressed that the visually impressive Horseman is in fact a ghost rather than a human in disguise. Later the Sleepy Hollow portion of the film was separated from the companion film, and shown separately as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in 1958.
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), directed by Henning Schellerup. A made-for-television movie filmed in Utah, starring Jeff Goldblum as Ichabod Crane and Dick Butkus as Brom Bones. The film is not faithful to the original story, depicting Crane as a skeptic regarding ghosts and the supernatural.
* Tall Tales and Legends episode "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1987), starring Ed Begley, Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina Van Tassel, and Charles Durning as Doffue Van Tassel who is also the narrator. Produced and hosted by Shelley Duvall.
* The Real Ghostbusters featured an episode with a descendant of Ichabod Crane cursed by a headless apparition on a motorcycle who chases her.
* In the Nickelodeon television series Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1992), the episode "The Tale of the Midnight Ride" serves as a sequel to the classic story. In this episode a boy moves to Sleepy Hollow where he develops a crush on a girl. One night after the Halloween dance, they see the ghost of Ichabod Crane and send him over the bridge that the Headless Horseman cannot cross, prompting the Headless Horseman to then come after them.
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1999) was a Canadian television film starring Brent Carver which was filmed in Montreal.
* Sleepy Hollow (1999) was a feature film directed by Tim Burton, though the adaptation takes many liberties with the plot and characters, changing Crane from the local schoolmaster into a police constable sent from New York to investigate recent murders, with the Horseman being used as a weapon against the local landowners. Johnny Depp starred as Ichabod Crane while Christopher Walken plays the Headless Horseman. In that same year, a similar television movie on Odyssey with Brent Carver aired. It was filmed in Montreal. [4]
* The Night of the Headless Horseman (1999) was an hour long computer animated FOX TV special utilizing motion capture.
* The Hollow (2004) was a TV movie that premiered on the ABC Family channel starring Kaley Cuoco. The adaptation focused on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane.
* "The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell" (2004) was an episode of the TV show Charmed. A headless horseman murders the teachers at Magic School by beheading them.
* Halloween Hound: The Legend of Creepy Collars is the second-season premiere of the PBS series Wishbone. In this episode, the show's central character and narrator, a talking dog named Wishbone, imagines himself as Ichabod Crane and reenacts the Headless Horseman story in his imagination as his owner, a boy named Joe Talbot, goes on a Halloween night scavenger hunt.
* Sleepy Hollow (1948), a Broadway musical, with music by George Lessner and book and lyrics by Russell Maloney and Miriam Battista. It lasted 12 performances.[5]
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2009), an opera, with music by William Withem and libretto by Melanie Helton. Its world premiere included three performances: March 27, 28, and 29, 2009, in the Concert Auditorium at Michigan State University[6].
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, a version available for school performances [7].
Notable audio adaptations include:
* Sleepy Hollow (1998). Produced for the Radio Tales series on National Public Radio. The program was released on audiocassette by Durkin Hayes Publishing Ltd in 1998 as a part of both its DH Audio catalog and its “Paperback Audio” line (ISBN 0886469031).
* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2005). Produced by The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air and released by Blackstone Audio. Faithfully adapted from the book by Washington Irving, this production has an elaborate music score by Jeffrey Gage, sound effects, and a full cast. Originally released as a "Halloween Pick" by Barnes & Noble bookstores, the production went on to win the Ogle Award for "Best Fantasy Production of 2005." The cast includes Lincoln Clark as Ichabod Crane, Joseph Zamparelli Jr. as Brom Bones, and Diane Capen as Katrina Van Tassel. The book was dramatized, produced and directed by Jerry Robbins. On Halloween 2005, the production was broadcast coast to coast on XM Radio's Sonic Theater, and repeated the following year. It continues to be one of Colonial's most popular titles in release.
* Historic Hudson Valley produced with Berger Platters, a dramatic reading of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"(2008) with musical effects by Matt Noble. Parent's Choice gave it the Silver award in 2009, noting; "Here, master storyteller Jonathan Kruk delivers the story as an audio book, with colorful eloquence backed by orchestral radiance. While remaining true to Irving’s original text, Kruk boosts the story’s energy through his highly skilled reading."[8]
* Sleepy Hollow Cemetery was founded in 1849, and is adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Ground. They are separately owned and administered.
